Development of a Sustainable Automated Hand Washing System with an Installed Water Recycling Device

Kazeem A. Bello Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
Thomas O. Ayeye Federal University Oye Ekiti
Bukola O. Bolaji Federal University Oye Ekiti
Cordelia O. Omoyi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v8i2.1016

Keywords: Arduino pro-mini, Automation, Hand washing, sustainability, water recycling

Abstract

— Hand washing has become a new normal in our society to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and other viruses. As a result of the need to comply with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on hand washing to reduce the risk of infection transmission, an automated hand washing system with an installed water recycling device was developed. The integration of recycling water ensures effective energy resource management and reduces environmental pollution. The conceptual architectural design of the automated hand washing machine was established using AutoCAD software and the Arduino microcontroller panel. The operation of the hand washing systems consists of assembling relevant sensors to automate the liquid soap, water, hand dryer and sanitiser dispenser. A filtration reactor was used to convert the wastewater to clean water. The clean water is then pumped to the overhead tank by a submersible pump inside the lower tank for reuse. The water treatment was achieved by adding 5g of aqueous and into 1000g of used water. The water samples were then analysed in the laboratory to ascertain their purity, and results were obtained. The purification of the recycled water ranges from 82% to 83%, and the salvage volume of the recovered clean water is 80%. The microcontroller was successful in coordinating the various activities of the automated system. The automatic washing machine will reduce water waste, eliminate environmental pollution and curb disease transmission.

References

Bello, Kazeem Aderemi, Oyelaran, Olatunde Ajani, Bolaji, Bukola Olalekan, Awogbemi, Omojola, Adeodu, Adefemi Omowole, & Busari, Abayomi. (2021). Evaluation of engineering students’ output during covid-19 pandemic lockdown. Paper presented at the 2021 World Engineering Education Forum/Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF/GEDC).

Filali, Hanen, Barsan, Narcis, Souguir, Dalila, Nedeff, Valentin, Tomozei, Claudia, & Hachicha, Mohamed. (2022). Greywater as an alternative solution for sustainable management of water resources—A review. Sustainability, 14(2), 665.

Flaaen, Aaron, Hortaçsu, Ali, & Tintelnot, Felix. (2020). The production relocation and price effects of US trade policy: the case of washing machines. American Economic Review, 110(7), 2103-2127.

Gondo, Reniko, & Kolawole, Oluwatoyin D. (2022). Household water access and COVID-19 in Karoi town, Zimbabwe. Scientific African, 16, e01145.

Hamdi, Saipul. (2022). Covid-19, social stigma and changing religious practice in Tablighi Jamaat Communities in Lombok, Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76, 102996.

Jama-Rodzeńska, Anna, Białowiec, Andrzej, Koziel, Jacek A, & Sowiński, Józef. (2021). Waste to phosphorus: A transdisciplinary solution to P recovery from wastewater based on the TRIZ approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 287, 112235.

Koondhar, Mohsin Ali, Channa, Irfan Ali, Bukhari, Syed Abid Ali Shah, Soomro, Abdul Hameed, Channa, Abdul Sami, & Koondhar, Noshad Ali. (2022). Experimental-based automatic control of washing machine using a programmable logic controller. Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences, 12(1).

Mai, Nguyen Thi Tuyet, & Cuong, Mai The. (2022). Vietnam in the combat against COVID-19: Responses of the government and cooperation among stakeholders Community, Economy and COVID-19: Lessons from Multi-Country Analyses of a Global Pandemic (pp. 611-632): Springer.

Navaratnam, Satheeskumar, Nguyen, Kate, Selvaranjan, Kajanan, Zhang, Guomin, Mendis, Priyan, & Aye, Lu. (2022). Designing post-COVID-19 buildings: Approaches for achieving healthy buildings. Buildings, 12(1), 74.

Obaideen, Khaled, Shehata, Nabila, Sayed, Enas Taha, Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali, Mahmoud, Mohamed S, & Olabi, AG. (2022). The role of wastewater treatment in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and sustainability guidelines. Energy Nexus, 7, 100112.

Satria, Habib, Nasution, Mahliza, Mungkin, Moranain, Anisa, Yuan, & Hardinata, Aristo. (2022). Design and Demonstration of the Use of Automatic Hand Washing Sink Technology in Covid-19 Pandemic Conditions. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 5(2), 127-132.

Sibiri, Hagan, Zankawah, Sanusi Mumuni, & Prah, David. (2020). Coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) response: Highlights of Ghana's scientific and technological innovativeness and breakthroughs. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 14, 100537.

Smith, Stephanie R, Hagger, Martin S, Keech, Jacob J, Moyers, Susette A, & Hamilton, Kyra. (2022). Improving hand hygiene behaviour using a novel theory-based intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 56(11), 1157-1173.

Tarpani, Raphael Ricardo Zepon, & Azapagic, Adisa. (2023). Life cycle sustainability assessment of advanced treatment techniques for urban wastewater reuse and sewage sludge resource recovery. Science of the Total Environment, 869, 161771.

Valsamatzi-Panagiotou, Aikaterini, & Penchovsky, Robert. (2022). Environmental factors influencing the transmission of the coronavirus 2019: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(3), 1603-1610.

Vignesh, T, Selvakumar, D, Prasath, C, Manikandan, N, & Viswanath, R Sri. (2019). Design and fabrication of home automation. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

Zhang, Xiaoyuan, & Liu, Yu. (2022). A Circular Economy is game-changing municipal wastewater treatment technology towards energy and carbon neutrality. Chemical Engineering Journal, 429, 132114.

Published

2023-06-30

Issue

Vol 8 No 2 (2023): FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 8 Iss. 2 (June 2023 issue)

Section

Articles

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The authors hereby represent and warrant that the paper is original and that they are the authors of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. If in future any violation of any copyright come in notice, then the author will be responsible and not FUOYEJET.

The authors declare that:

This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.
It will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
A copyright permission is obtained for materials published elsewhere and which require this permission for reproduction.

Furthermore, the copyright after publication belongs to the Author(s) (for articles published in 2020 and beyond) and licensed under the creative commons license CC-BY-NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0). The copyright covers the right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.