Thermodynamic Parameters: An Alternative Determinant for Viral Infection Diagnosis
Abstract
Viral particles and its mechanism of interaction in contact with human blood cells were studied. Thermo-energetic concept was employed to analyze the evidences such as viral loads, increase in CD4 count caused by the administered drugs interfering in the binding process between the virus and blood cells as adopted in the medical field to establish patient’s response to drug treatment. Glycerin was used as the probe liquid and was dropped at the surface of the prepared slides. It was observed that the contacted angles of infected cells (63.4o) were lowered upon the administration of the antiretroviral drugs. Ritonavir reduced the contact angle to 56.6 ±5.25 o,Lamiduvine lowered it to 56.5±3.3o,Didanosine gave a contact angle of 56.8±3.03owhile Azidothymidine were able to lower the contact angle of infected blood samples to 56.3±4.32o.The surface energy was decreased owing to viral activities in the blood cells from 44.35±1.90 mJ/m2 for the uninfected blood sample to33.54±2.31 mJ/m2 when the sample got infected. The administered drugs were able to increase the surface energies of the treated cells from 38mJ/m2 to 40 mJ/m2as against the surface energy of infected which was between 31 mJ/m2 to 39 mJ/m2.Energy of adhesion was increased by the viral-blood interactions from -12.99±1.75 mJ/m2 for the uninfected blood sample to -23.22±2.22 mJ/m2 for the infected sample. The treatments given recorded the energy of adhesion to a range from -18.34 mJ/m2 to -18.75 mJ/m2which still falls a little lower than that of the infected without treatment(-23.222mJ/m2). The inability of the drugs administered to revert the negative signs of adhesion energy in the treated samples signifies bonding between the virus and the blood cells. Design expert software was employed to generate mathematical model that accurately predict the variables in the interacting medium for the infected blood sample.References
Meertens, L.;Bertaux,C.; Dragic, T.(2006). Hepatitis C virus entry requires a critical post-internalization step and delivery to early endosomes via clathrincoated vesicles. Journal of Virology, 80,pp 11571-11578.https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01717-06
Smith, A. E.; Helenius, A(2004). How virusenters animal cells. Journal ofScience. 304 ,pp237-247. DOI: 10.1126/science.1094823
Lefevre, M.;Felmlee, D.J.; Parnot, M.;Baumert,T.F.;Schuster,C.(2014).Syndecan-4 is involved in mediating HCV entry through interactions with lipoviral particle-associated alipoprotein–E.Plos.1(9)95-98.DOI10.1371/journal.pone.0095550
Blanchard, E.; Belouzard, C.; Goueslain, L.; Rouille,Y.; Wakita, T. (2006). Hepatitis C virus entry depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Journal of Virology. 80(14) pp 6964-6972. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00024-06
Miller, M.H.; Agarwal, K.; Austin, A. (2015). British viral hepatitis group; British society of gastroenterology liver committee; British association for the study of liver disease, united kingdom consensus guidelines; hepatitis C management and DAAs. Journal of Pharmacological. Therapy. 39 (12). pp1363-1375.
Iweriolor, S.;Achebe, C.H.; Chukwuneke,J. L.(2018). Surface energetics study and determination of combined negative hamaker coefficient for hepatitis c virus infected human blood cells. International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 11 (11) 307-319. DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2018.1111025
Chukwuneke, J. L.; Chukwuneke, P. C.;Okolie, P. C.; Sinebe, J. E. (2016). Hamakercoefficient concept: the application to the mycobacterium tuberculosis–macrophage interactions mechanism. Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering. 4 (1) 1-20.
Achebe, C.H.; Omenyi, S.N.; Manafa, O.P.; Okoli, D. (2012). HIV-Blood interactions; Surface thermodynamics approach. Proceedings of the International Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientist, Hong Kong. 59-65.
Shiffman, M.I.; Salvatore, J.; Hubbard,S. (2007). Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus with peg-interferon , ribavirin and epotein alpha. Hepatol. 46 371-379. DOI: 10.1002/hep.21712
Iweriolor, S. (2019). Interaction mechanism of hepatitis C virus and blood cells treated with conventional antiviral drugs and plants extract. Ph.D.Dissertation, UNIZIK. Nigeria, https://phd dissertations.unizik.edu.ng/repos/81266320650_170659273365.pdf
Achebe, C.H.; Omenyi, S.N.(2013).Mathematical determination of critical absolute hamaker constant which favours repulsion in HIV-blood interactions.Proceedings of World Congress on Engineering. London 2 76-82.
Okwuchukwu, A.; Omenyi, S. N.; Achebe, C. H. (2015). Negative hamaker coefficients: application to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – blood interactions in antiretroviral drug media. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. (11) 1-10.
Yuan, Y; Lee, R. (2013).Contact Angle and Wetting Properties, University of Houston, Texas: TX 77204-5003. 43-48.DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-34243-1_1
Maheshwari, A.; Thuluvath, P.J. (2010). Management of acute hepatitis C. Clinics in Liver Disease. 14(1) 169-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007
Hamaker, H.C. (1936). The London van der wall attraction between spherical particles. Physica. Vol4, issue10: pp1058-1072
Van Oss, C.J.; Giese, R. F. (2002). Colloids and surface properties of clay and related minerals, New York. 43-56.https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203910658
Omenyi, S.N.; Newmann, A. W.; Van, C. J; Absolom, D.R.; Viser, J (1980) .Journal of.Advance Colloid Interface Science 18 133.
Chukwuneke, J.L. (2015). Surface Energetic Study of MTB. Ph.D. Dissertation, UNIZIK, https://phddissertations.unizik.edu.ng/repos/81111769850_162223539700.pdf
Visser, J. (1981). Advances in Interface science. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 15,pp 157–169.
Good, R. J. (1992). Contact angle, Wetting and adhesion ;A Critical review. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology.6 (12)1269-1302.http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856192X00629
Israelachvili, J.N. (2011).Intermolecular and Surface forces, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: London.
Department of Health and Human Services. Antiviral Treatment: What you should know; retrieved(2018).
Nursing and midwifery council. .(2022). The Code: Professional Standards of Practice and Medicine.Managementwww.nmc.org.uk/global.
Centere for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). Global Health – What we’re doing". Retrieved (2018).
Forma, M.S and Valsamakis A. (2018).Specimen collection, transport, and processing: virology. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 10th ed. ASM Press; Washington ,DC:12761288 .https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555816728.ch76
Ozoihu, E.M .(2014). Human immunodeficiency virus; contact angle approach. Ph.D thesis, Unizik, Awka, Nigeria.
Adlier.M.,Miller .R., Dennis.W., (2008). Advance in colloids and interface Science. Vol137:1pp DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2007.07.005
Ani,O.I. (2016). Surface energetics study of the interaction between blood cells treated with antiretroviral drugs. Ph.D. Dissertation, UNIZIK, Nigeria,https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkozje))/reference/referencespapers.aspx referenceid=2400458
Shang.J., Flury .M., James. B.H. ,Rollars. R.L. (2008).Comparison of Different Methods to Measure Contact Angles of Soil Colloids. Journal of Colloids and Interface Science. 328 299-307.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.039
ASM (1980). Surface tension of biological systems in erg/cm2 at temperature of 220C. American Society of Microbiology.Asm Press.
Iweriolor, S.; Achebe, C. H.; Ani, O. I.(2020). Sessile drop approach to surface energy determination of HCV infected blood cells. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Vol17 (1) pp123
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors hereby represent and warrant that the paper is original and that they are the authors of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. If in future any violation of any copyright come in notice, then the author will be responsible and not FUOYEJET.
The authors declare that:
- This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.
- It will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
- A copyright permission is obtained for materials published elsewhere and which require this permission for reproduction.
Furthermore, the copyright after publication belongs to the Author(s) (for articles published in 2020 and beyond) and licensed under the creative commons license CC-BY-NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0). The copyright covers the right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
